There has been a heated spat over the last month within early medieval academia concerning the use of term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ to describe the field of ‘Anglo-Saxon studies’ and ‘Anglo-Saxonists’, extending to the use of the terms ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and ‘Anglo-Saxons’ in scholarly research.
I’m writing because this subject relates to my work in early medieval archaeology but also my interests in digital public engagement. Also, I’ve observed that my research has been explicitly cited in the online discussions and I’ve already been critical on the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ in print multiple times regarding its racial origins and legacies. It’s an issue I’ve addressed before occasionally on this blog, as for example here and here.
I’m pleased we are having this conversation openly (finally). However, I do want to write some thoughts on how this recent debate has transpired and how the social media furore has been stoked and escalated, practices that I consider unprofessional and unethical.
How it started
The terminology medieval researchers use in our research, between academics, with students, and in our public engagement is absolutely crucial. Everyone should be aware of the significance of this topic in the context of the history of Anglo-Saxon studies and in the present-day climate of ethno-nationalism and global white supremacism drawing on illusions of a fantasy and exclusively ‘white’ and Christian medieval European past. Read Dr Mary Rambaran-Olm’s article here for one perspective on this.
The combination of the Trump administration, Brexit and broader linked global shifts in popularist right-wing politics have created a broader tense time for academics. The Humanities at large are being squeezed and their relevance and significance derided. Hence, things have been brewing for many years and interleave with, and stem from, other public medieval academic discussions regarding alleged sexual offences and sexism, race and alleged racism, and wider issues of inclusiveness in medieval academic discourse, especially regarding people of colour. I concede there are multiple dimensions I cannot go into because I simply don’t feel sufficiently informed about all of them (I’ve never been a member of ISAS). My point is that this situation has multiple root causes and multiple precedents; it’s important to be clear that this wasn’t ‘started’ by any one person or moment.
Still, from an outsider’s perspective, I’m aware that this particular flurry of debate was triggered specifically by the resignation of Dr Mary Rambaran-Olm from her position as Vice President of International Society of Anglo-Saxonists during a conference. She made the decision to resign because of the Society’s practices and, specifically, its name, which has been become considered tainted through association with white supremacists. She proceeded to change the name of, and send messages from, the Society’s Twitter account criticising her former fellow board members and the perceived Society’s inaction on the proposed name-change and a range of other related matters. During the consequent social media mini-storm, the Society has seen a host of resignations from its members, Board and its President. Other groups of medievalists have written open letters of support for Dr Rambaran-Olm and a series of individual academics used social media to criticise the name and behaviour of ISAS, and ‘Anglo-Saxon studies’ more broadly, in no uncertain terms. I now understand that the Society has voted to change its name, but at the time of writing I’m not aware of any decision regarding what their new name will be…
Things got nasty fast
Unfortunately, but perhaps inevitably given the sensitive nature of the subject and our corrosive political climate, the academic kerfuffle rapidly got personal via social media. Rather than it being a process of lobbying for change at an institutional level deploying evidence-based arguments, specific accusations of ‘stealth racism’ and ‘stonewalling’ were levelled at the ISAS board members. Online commentators stated that the ISAS board should resign for failing to act. In turn, board members have expressed feeling bullied and targeted in their voluntary society roles by the tide of critical comments and personal accusations levelled at them on social media. The organisation was portrayed unambiguously as harbouring/facilitating ‘misogyny, homophobia and racism’ and being ‘sexist’, and that board members were accused of suggesting that the society needed to be ‘inclusive to racists’. Some of those who have expressed support, criticisms, doubts, qualifications or suggestions regarding the accusations levelled at ISAS have been accused of facilitating/perpetuating institutional racism, gatekeeping, or else trying to cash-in on the situation to promote themselves as ‘white saviours’ or gain invaluable woke-points. Individual medievalists were specifically denounced as being ‘invested in white nationalism’ and denying racism is even a significant issue. Further insults were slung about on social media in various directions and a number of individuals who were targeted for criticism and vitriol have simply had to suspend/leave social media as a result.
Medieval studies has had its dire moments in recent years, but it is now (hopefully temporarily) yet again a toxic environment in which little can be said on this issue whatsoever and by whomsoever without fostering further outrage and accusations of actually being a white supremacist.
Journalists take notice/are approached
The noise of the furore quickly filtered out far beyond narrow specialist academic circles via social media, and in particular through The Washington Post where an article focused on the resignation of Dr Rambaran-Olm was published on 19 September by Hannah Natanson. The article explores how the situation has emerged and developed from Dr Rambaran-Olm’s viewpoint, with supportive quotes from other vocal academic protagonists based in the US and Europe. The article and the comments unquestionably make clear the racial origins and persistent racial and racist associations with the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ in some quarters of academia and wider (particularly but by no means exclusively) American contexts (as revealed further in the horrific examples cited by Dr Rambaran-Olm herself during academic events and procedures). The ‘comments’ section of the online article constitute the predictable polemic, incorporating racist bile and hate, directed at Dr Rambaran-Olm (rather than those white scholars who have supported her), in her attempts to make the subject and society more inclusive. See also the Inside Higher article by Colleen Flaherty. In short, the media attention has made the discipline and any who have raised issues, identifiable targets for extremist and hateful comments, both by other academics and those beyond the academy. This has fed back into social media, amplifying the reach of the issue and its discussion in increasingly polemical fashions.
The alt-right wade in
Then we come to the next stage. Some (hopefully only a few) alt-right commentators pitched in with derision, drawn to this debate and calling it a result of ‘cultural Marxism’.
The response from some of the academics already involved was interesting. Rather than realising the monster they have created and immediately blocking out these voices to curtail attacks on themselves and others in vulnerable positions, some regarded it as necessary to draw attention to these comments and amplify them with retweets and posturing against the alt-right trolls. Moreover, these academics have seemingly accused those of not participating in arguing with non-specialists as somehow also condoning alt-right views and thus facilitating the problem within the field. Further still, the implication has been posited that the offensive and derisive comments are evidence that far-right world views are associated with the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and indeed pervaded ISAS in the first place. In other words, hitting the radar of extremists seems to have had a validating effect for those most vocal in their field, and offering righteous legitimisation to accuse any academic expressing doubts regarding their stance as equivalent to, or even worse than, these extremists. I have even seen one academic claiming on Twitter that white male academics are a bigger problem than white supremacists.
Reflection
This academic society discussion started with conferences, has now played out via social media, and has been picked up by journalists. Subsequently it has been deployed as a (very small) political football by those with little or no interest in the academic field in question. In the process, some vile things have been said by academics aimed at other academics, all in the public gaze. Academics themselves have received threats and trolling. Also, it’s worth noting that the focus and intensity has shifted in these 3-4 weeks, from lobbying to change the name of a learned Society which has been considered insulting/off-putting to people of colour, towards the blanket-expunging of a term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ from academic and popular discourse.
Stepping back, perhaps this can be now seen as a predictable cycle for academic online arguments seen in many fields, but I’m particularly aware of this as a repeated dimension of spats instigated by US-trained/based medieval literary scholars and historians.
I do suspect this discussion has now run its course to a degree, and I certainly hope it doesn’t escalate further. At least to date no far-right politician or high-profile journalist has written or vocalised an attack on any individual academic or groups of academics as a result (note: this did happen very recently in other situations with comparable pathways of social media academic disputes). Although something additional is happening I hadn’t expected: the concerted mining for old social media posts to back-project the controversy…
I have absolutely no objection to society name-changes if members are in favour and if their names become moribund or beyond salvation. Passionate and sincere lobbying is also fine by me. I’m also partial to the occasional rant or two on subjects that matter to us deeply (like this one). Likewise, I fully recognise the wider context of the problematic nature of the word ‘Anglo-Saxon’ in which this name-change has been proposed and has been revised, especially for people of colour. I therefore applaud critical reflection on our societies and institutions, their racist origins and their enduring legacies. I would normally imagine I’d be readily allied to the aspirations to change how and who, and even why, we study the Early Middle Ages. Fostering new voices and fresh approaches must always be celebrated and welcomed, most certainly including people of colour already in, or potentially drawn to, medieval studies. Hence, I’m keen to support fellow academics with practical solutions to enhance the inclusivity of the field and I feel I have a solid track record of doing so. In a follow-up post I will outline my own academic ‘take’ on the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and how we might move forward.
However, I cannot regard the constructed outrage and the strategies and tenor of the debate as incidental nit-picking or ‘necessary evils’ for change. The banal rhetoric of ‘taking sides’ or else you are ‘the enemy’ is shameful, divisive and needless. These online behaviours have their cost and legacies too, not just within but also beyond the academy. Hence, I personally find myself estranged and saddened by the predictable escalation, self-aggrandised posturing and unethical targeting of individual academics that is ongoing in this spat. All of this has been fostered by ill-considered practices on social media including taking over society social media accounts, subtweeting, naming and shaming, screen-capturing segments of emails and old tweets and re-posting them out of context and with denouncing commentaries, cancelling, exorbitant uses of gifs, swearing and (perhaps most heinous of all) the over-use of shouty CAPITALS!
I don’t mind uncomfortable discussions and even a bit of hyperbole and humour, but researchers of all backgrounds must all try to remain constructive and positive, not personal and divisive. This is for our collective benefit and safety as academics, whatever our expertise, seniority, academic affiliation, gender or ethnicity. Also, this is for the benefit and example we set to our students and the wider public who are looking on aghast and perplexed at our social media behaviours. The gap left by the hijacked Twitter account of the society was filled (temporarily – it was reported) with a bogus one spouting far-right manure. This affords a perfect analogy for the intellectual stance being adopted by certain medievalist regarding the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’: a real danger with completely abandoning any academic term in historical and archaeological contexts because of the genuine worry that it is tainted by association by extremists is that the term gets owned by the uneducated/poorly educated who are then only fed information by extremists and frauds. Moreover, the threat presents itself that the public become even more estranged by being reprimanded by academics regarding their terminology and everyone who offers a view is denounced, labelled and/or ‘cancelled’. The public thus perceive more proactive aggressive academic gatekeeping to replace the pre-existing passive and pervasive academic gatekeeping. Where instead do they find out about the ‘Anglo-Saxons’? Certainly not in anything being written by academics past, present or future.
Looking forward
Looking to the future, this constitutes an ethical issue for public digital engagement across disciplines. Some academics will probably keep replicating what they perceive as effective strategies online each time a new threat/problem is identified linking academia to political concepts and appropriations by extremists. This is because outrage = likes. Also some individuals do seem to regard themselves as self-appointed Internet police for terminology. Still, each time it all kicks off, we must remember to try our hardest to balance the importance of making our scholarly voices heard to address perceived injustices and problems in our field against the real potential harm we might cause to each other and our discipline in doing so.
If this persists, I would suggest it is unfair to expect us all to have these spats, sling insults and innuendo at each other, and then miraculously ‘calm down’, forgive and forget, and return to sober and reflective dialogue with each other and writing until the next round. Equally, it cannot be expected for these flurries of outrage to be vented, and then everyone returns to attending the next expensive international conference for more sycophantic smiling and back-biting only to provide fuel for a new round of accusations and outrage to circulate online. In any case, individual flurries of ‘debate’ are already coalescing into a near-constant ebb and flow of never-ending academic online rage. This cycle is not sustainable, professional, and it is unethical, especially for those without ‘tenured’ positions, because it is creating a hostile climate, especially detrimental for students, early career researchers, or those without secure academic positions and affiliations the debates was hoping to help. Equally, I cannot see how it makes us look like serious scholars to our public audiences and thus attract under-represented groups, one of the aspired aims.
The issues under discussion are very serious ones and reveal many complex connections between medieval research and its current socio-political context. Scholars cannot and should not sideline these any longer and changes to our language and practices are rightly being proposed and discussed. However, ganging up and berating each other in the fashions witnessed in this debate fosters puritanical digital demagoguery. I regard this as an unhelpful ‘Anglo-Saxon attitude’ we should be uniting against.
Archaeo𝔡𝔢𝔞𝔱𝔥 
Howard: Thank you for a very measured and considered post. That the term is problematic was never in question for most. Change takes time, and collaboration, collaboration which will be difficult to achieve if people cannot speak with or listen to each other.
I’ve long thought that the term “Anglo-Saxon” needed to be retired to the attic. Contemporary politics aside, my impression of “Anglo-Saxon” England is a place where all the little kingdoms are either Angle *or* Saxon, but not both–am I close? Maybe we should strike some new terms, like ‘Insular West German’ instead. As in: “‘Beowulf’ was written in an Insular West German dialect.”
We should also warn people not to talk about ‘the English’ or the ‘English language’ prior to, hmm, the 15th Century or thereabouts. Anachronisms, etc.
On the other hand, people shouldn’t take, say, a Medieval illustration of the Nativity and claim that the depiction of one dark-skinned Magi can only mean that 30% of the population of Western Europe were of African descent. Art can give us a peek into what was ‘important’ in a given time and place, but it’s not a photograph!
We need to push against the Anglocentrism that dominates not just Medieval Studies, but throughout academia, esp. in the US. Ignorance is a bigger problem than overt white supremacy; in high school, my “BritLit” teacher told me that there was no such thing as an Irish language, it was just ‘jibberish’ and ‘slang.’ I once had a very vocal feminist tell me–this some years ago, during the war in the north–that the British government should send their troops into the 26 counties, overthrow the government, impose UK abortion law on the south, and show the benighted Irish women how to enjoy enlightened reproductive health. Seriously. When I noted that the North didn’t share the UK’s abortion laws, she refused to believe me. I’ve gotten a lot of this flak like this from people who consider themselves exemplary liberals, maybe even ‘leftists’ or ‘anarchists’, but who have come to equate their liberal/arts/brainy schooling with a very Anglocentric (and/or Anglophilic) worldview.
So, someone can be quite the antithesis of a white-power knucklehead, yet still have their head stuffed with wrongness.
Also: this ruckus brings to mind the little problem Medievalist folks had with the dogma about witch-burnings in the Middle Ages. You know the argument: in the Middle Ages, the Church burned 6 million women for witchcraft; this was fueled by anti-women hate derived from the Bible, so affected all countries where Christianity was dominant; and anyone who dared to question this view was a misogynist. Scholars have debunked so much of this over the years, it seems to be a non-issue by now. I imagine that this latest eruption will end much the same–but only if we make our case(s) as solid as possible.
Thanks for letting me vent. Off to sleep now….
eaplatt
Thanks a lot for this post, a very balanced (and very much needed) view.
Prof. Williams, this is the first time I’ve read your blog and this post. You write well, certainly in measured tone, and obviously are witness to the goings-on in academia.
In an effort to bring harmony however, I perhaps feel you accommodate too much.
As someone long since left university but with a continued interest in history and culture, I am afraid if we are to adopt obfuscations like ‘Insular West German’ in substitution for Anglo Saxon, why not continue this to ‘Displaced West Britons’ for Celts and ‘North Migratory Gallic’ for Norman. Why smudge historical terms at all?
First, non-historic terms are substituted. Second, the facts for fiction.
There were Angles and Saxons and Jutes and Frisians after all. But we can’t use the term Anglo-Saxon?
A pox on that idea!
It smacks of appeasement in response to cultural vandalism.
You cite the Alt-Right.
The swastika is symbol of various meanings to several faiths spanning a 12,000 year history. The Nazis co-opted the swastika for 12 years. We don’t deny the Jainists, Hindus and Buddhists their swastika, do we? We don’t eliminate Sanskrit because swastika is one of its words, do we? Logically, that’s where these ideologues would take us.
If the Nazis co-opt an ancient symbol and the Alt Right co-opts historic tribes, should we vacate? No. We must not let our culture and history be distorted and blurred on this front, or else the battle-line will continually encroach. This is the culture of which you’ve spent a lifetime of dedicated study and teaching. You are a guardian of it. You are the keeper of the flame.
If we can’t even use the term Anglo-Saxon, you’ve facilitated the evacuation.
Every time a good person like you acquiesces to ideological demands for history to be blurred and slanted, we all lose a little of ourselves.
Worse, the Alt Right say ‘See! We told you so” and grow as a result.
In the end, that is exactly what they want and I don’t believe its a good thing sir.
Prof. Williams, huge credit to you for allowing my post to be published. Thank you for that kindness and for this blog.
I have my own reflections forthcoming in a separate post on the wider issue of the term itself, thanks for the thoughts!
I have no doubts and expect it will be thought-provoking too. Onwards and upwards.
As an academic specialising in the early middle ages, I found this article very informative and well-argued.
I agree that the term “Anglo-Saxon” should be used with the utmost caution and attention to its imperial and post-imperial use and abuse. I am, like you, more dubious about the suggestion that the term should be somehow stripped out of academic discourse.
Which brings me to your other major point. I registered my views rather politely and innocently on twitter the other day when a comment to the effect of “The term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ must be removed from academia” appeared on my feed. And the response to my politely stated postion, some of it from published academics of whom you have named at least one in the article, was something that reminded me of kids at their worst in the school playground.
I was told to “do one”, to “fuck off”, and called a “bitch” and a “jackoff white guy”, as well as “Paddywhack”, presumably in reference to my obvious Irish heritage. The source of this childish abuse? None other than Dr Rambaran-Olm, operating through what I now (thanks to you) understand to be the hijacked account of the previous incarnation of the ISSEME.
As you might imagine, I found this shocking and outrageous. But what troubled me even more was that several other academics, who were apparently following the exchange, voiced no word objection. The less offensive comments they ‘liked’, the more egregious ones they studiously ignored, and several weighed in to attack my position, before withdrawing when I objected to their one-sided condemnations.
What is most amazing to me is the brazenness of this “wolf-pack” behaviour. Having heard so twitter horror stores, I expected at some point to be attacked in such vicious and personal terms, but I also expected the attacks to come from pseudonymous accounts. To see published academics produce and tacitly support such bile, so publicly and shamelessly, without any apparent fear of reputational damage or other consequences, was profoundly disturbing.
In conclusion, I fear that the problem you identify here has not, as you hoped, been ameliorated by the passage of time whatsoever. It is incumbent on those who have been attacked in this way to publicly condemn it, and yes, to name names. Because I sense that the softly-softly approach has been tried, and it appears to have had little or no impact.
Thanks for your comments and I’m sorry to hear of the behaviours you have experienced and abuse you have received. I can confirm the scale of abuse has escalated since I wrote this, and the manifold strategies adopted to defame and bully have expanded. You are right: the silence of many is depressing to the extreme.